The forest consists of four main phases divided within its overall mosaic: innovation, aggradation, biostatic, and degradation. They form a balancing act which makes the forest what it is. All phases play their part in the overall mosaic of the forest and must coexist (Oldeman, 1990).

Bibliography

Oldeman, R.A.A. (1990). Forests: Elements of Silvology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.